His personal encounter with the divine allows Samuel to know (yada) God for the first time. been registered with such subtlety and insight. Alter, Moses, xii. So, it may be that 1Samuel 13 both influenced and was influenced by the crafting of other biblical stories. And they slew a bullock, and brought the child to Eli. The first seven verses of the introduction consist of what Alter calls narrativedescriptive details that locate the story within the broader temporal, spatial, social, and spiritual context of biblical Israel. Once Hannah becomes a mother in fact, her role vis--vis Samuel is considerably more profound. 1 Samuel 3:416; Genesis 22:1. By contrast, Samuel executes his mission completely in the public eye. Samuel was a Lamanite. This story does not exhibit the same improbability. The Lord maketh poor, and maketh rich: he bringeth low, and lifteth up. WebChildhood obesity increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome later in life. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He reappeared, however, to announce the oracle of Yahweh rejecting Saul as king, once for arrogating to himself the right of sacrifice (chapter 13) and a second time for failing to carry out the law of the bana primitive institution by which persons or objects were devoted to the deity, normally by destructionagainst the Amalekites (chapter 15). While Alter focuses on human diversities within a general perspective of divine consistency, I emphasize the texts ideological consistency within the context of seemingly limitless social and political diversity. That they were young and active gave Samuel a base of power that was physical as well as moral. 69. Robert Longley. He is credited with So the woman went her way, and did eat, and her countenance was no more sad. In gratitude she dedicated In stark contrast with Elis general neglect of his sons, in spite of their physical and functional proximity, the narrator specifically mentions Hannahs continued watch care over her first born, in spite of their physical and functional distance.54 Punctuating the vignettes that contrast the faithfulness of Eli and Hannah, the narrator comments on Samuels progressively auspicious service at the temple, reinforcing the intended contrast between old and new priest.55 While not a prerequisite for Samuels ascension, Elis fall serves as a foil for it.56, Leitwrter: give and lend. Given the customary role for dialogue in biblical Hebrew, it is entirely appropriate that the second half of the Samuel story (2:274:1a) is recounted almost exclusively in dialogue. Nevertheless, Hannah is not satisfied: she wants a son for herself, but not for selfish reasons. Then they rose early in the morning and worshiped before the LORD, and returned and came to their house at Ramah. Michael D. Coogan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 13264. If they do so, they are strengthened, enlarged, blessed, and sustained. As conservatives, they must have been torn between the threat to Israel posed by the Philistines and the promise that the new political system, alien to religious and national traditions, offered against this threat. However, nearly every specific detail of introduction is marginal to the larger history of Israel in the Holy Land. Also like the first, Elkanahs second speech at once reinforces his traditional familial roles and acknowledges his emotional distance from his wife. In ancient Israel, children were considered a clear sign of Gods blessing (see Psalm 127:3 ). When Hannah presents herself to Eli as a barren woman who has finally given birth because the Lord answered her prayer, she not only thanks the Lord for His favor to her, she also bears public witness to His mighty deeds, of which she has personal experience. Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 28. PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) is one of the most severe mental health issues from parental neglect or abuse during childhood. There must have been some reason why Samuel was important enough to be remembered for a major role in the establishment of the monarchy. If one man sin against another, the judge shall judge him: but if a man sin against the Lord, who shall entreat for him? Leitwrter: establish and cut off. Type scenes. The same examination reveals that none of the material in its present form was contemporary with the events; if one source is taken as controlling, then the other materials lose all historical value. But Samuel continued to grow in stature and in favor with the LORD and with people. (1 Samuel 2:26). Samuels principal role is to realize his divine destiny for all Israel (3:14:1a). Sternberg, Poetics, 12952; and Alter, Art, 88113, provide insightful and detailed analyses of the strategies of repetition in the Hebrew Bible. This pattern indicates that Eli had become so disconnected from his sons lives that he learns about their promiscuity only secondhand and then deals with it ineffectively: Now Eli was very old, and heard all that his sons did unto all Israel. McCarter, I Samuel, 59 n.3, mentions that both sons names are Egyptian in origin and that Elis lineage traced its right to the priesthood back to Moses. On the use of exposition as a literary convention, see Meir Sternberg, Expositional Modes and Temporal Ordering in Fiction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978). While we cannot be sure that the author crafted the Samuel story with such comparisons consciously in mind, the repeated inferred connections with other exemplary vignettes increase the probability of their intentionality. Now Samuel did not yet know the Lord, neither was the word of the Lord revealed unto him. He was a faithful young servant who had God's favor. One night God spoke to Samuel while he was sleeping, and the boy mistook the Lord's voice for Eli's. This happened three times until the old priest realized God was speaking to Samuel. Samuel grew in wisdom and became a prophet. In the majority of offenses, cutting off means a cutting out which leads to banishment or excommunication from the cultic community and the covenant people. TDOT, 7:348. International Standard Version The LORD took note of Hannah, and she became pregnant and gave birth to three sons and two daughters. The second way that Hannah continues to nurture her firstborn is mentioned below in the discussion of 1 Samuel 2:19. On the occasion of their final interaction, Eli blesses Samuels parentsthe Lord give thee seed of this woman for the loan which is lent to the Lordusing the same verbs, nathan (give) and shael (lend), which define Hannahs initial offering of Samuel to the Lord. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. And the word of Samuel came to allIsrael.. The Bible tells of many significant adults, but only a handful of significant pregnancies. Alter, Ancient Israel, 247 n.0 suggests that Hannahs song and Davids victory psalm echo each other and act as formal bookends to the extended narrative sequence that includes the stories of Samuel, Saul, and David., 51. While both messengers faithfully deliver their respective messages from the Lord, the man of God accomplishes hismission in total anonymity. See Alter, Art, 88113, for an insightful discussion of Leitwrter. Thus, the ambivalent and matter-of-fact introduction of the priests at Shiloh implies that while central to the story of Samuels beginnings, Eli and his sons will play roles that are marginal to or destructive of their high ritual status. This study claims that the significance of the story cannot be fully apprehended without an in-depth understanding of the expressive qualities of the text. Characterization: Father and Sons. So Samuel went and lay down in his place. WebWhat was significant about the birth and childhood of Samuel? David is anointed king of Judah with the help of his allies and he makes Hebron as the capital of his new administration. 2 Samuel 2:7. See, for example, McCarter, ISamuel, 1214; Richard R. Losch, All the People in the Bible: An AZ Guide to the Saints, Scoundrels, and Other Characters in Scripture (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2008), 36870. In the context of Samuels calling, neither yada nor shakab have sexual connotations. . However, Sternberg, Poetics, 32528, eloquently qualifies Alters perspective. Her first direct speech, for example, expresses her private but poignant vow to God, which defines her lifes purpose and sacred identity: O Lord of hosts, if thou wilt indeed look upon the afflictions of thine handmaid, and remember me, and not forget thine handmaid, but wilt give thine handmaid a man child, then I will give him unto the Lord all the days of his life, and there shall no razor come upon his head.28 All of her subsequent speeches and actions align with and strengthen her devotional character (see 1:2028; 2:110, 1921). The institution of the monarchy and the election of the king occur according to the will of Yahweh as revealed to Samuel. Samuel Adams Life Jan 1, 1736. And the Lord appeared again in Shiloh, for the Lord revealed himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the word of the Lord. and why eatest thou not? For example, Alter (Art, 84) and Simon (Prophetic Narratives, 15) offer astute comments on eating and drinking in 1Samuel1. His story in the Bible began with a barren woman, Hannah, praying to God for a child. The Bible says "the Lord remembered her," and she became pregnant. She named the baby Samuel, which in Hebrew means "the Lord hears" or "the name of God." When the boy was weaned, Hannah presented him to God at Shiloh, in the care of Eli the high priest . Often, though not always, these firsts reveal essential character traits and roles. Its content not only indicates the overthrow of the priestly authority of the house of Eli and the implicit move to a different sort of authority to be embodied by the prophet Samuel, but it also adumbrates the rather dour and dire role that Samuel will play as leader, in relation to both Israel and to Saul. Alter, Ancient Israel, 256 nn. Alter, Ancient Israel, 246 n.26; Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 18. The institution of kingship comes not from divine revelation but from the request of the elders of Israel, and this request is treated by Samuel as rebellion against Yahweh. And the Lord said to Samuel, Behold, I will do a thing in Israel, at which both the ears of every one that heareth it shall tingle. The story of the anointing, however, has no story of accession to complete it; instead, there is the account of Sauls victory over the Ammonites. Characterization: Prophet of God. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. And the man Elkanah, and all his house, went up to offer unto the Lord the yearly sacrifice, and his vow. 1 Samuel 1:19. Leitwrter: give and lend. Samuels mother Hannah This story is related to the account of Samuel as judge in chapters 7 and 12, and he is clearly presented as the last of the judges; it is indicated that the system of the judges was rejected by the Israelites not because of its failure but because of their worldliness. Samuel is a miracle child. . Regardless of her initial vow, following his birth she cannot not be his mother; that is, she cannot give him up in the usual senses of the verb.43 Attempting to do so would be a repudiation of her sacred maternal role. bringeth low, and lifteth up (2:7) reinforces the contrast between the house of Eli, which is rejected by the Lord despite its long-standing and prominent ritual status in Israel, and the previously obscure house of Elkanah, which is blessed by God to effect a substantial, enduring, beneficial transformation among all Israel (2:2736; 3:1114, 1921). . This study claims that the significance of the story cannot be fully appre- And she said, Let thy handmaid find grace in thy sight. Genesis 2428, 38; Ruth 14. Insensitive as it may be, Elkanahs first direct speech shifts the discourse of the story from narrative to dialogue, in keeping with the biblical convention. In gratitude she dedicated him to the service of the chief sanctuary of Shiloh, in the charge of the priest Eli. David was young when Samuel found him. Characterization: Husband and Wife. There is no wickedness in this pitiable old man, but neither is there the strength to combat wickedness, and Yahweh has found himself a strong man to lead Israel aright.. WebBirth and Calling of the Prophet Samuel ' - 11 The present study focuses on several recurrent literary conventions that so thoroughly unite the biblical account of Samuels birth and divine calling that its craftsmanship aptly serves as a vehicle of its meaning. And Samuel lay until the morning, and opened the doors of the house of the Lord. WebThe boy Samuel grew up in the service of the LORD. 25. 1 Samuel 28:3-7. Leitwrter: know and lie with. Possible extrinsic reasons for the placement of Hannahs song within the narrative are found in Weitzman, Song, 11415. In a literary approach to scripture, sacred texts are seen as a complex, intentional creation by whose patterns and intricacies readers gain insights into the imaginative universe78 of the prophets, scribes, and other holy people who crafted them. Nevertheless, everything that she says and doesindeed, everything that she is in the storymanifests supreme devotion to her sacred roles of wife and mother and to her covenant relationship with the Lord. Elkanah has only two direct speeches in the entire story. Shakab contrasts dramatically with yada and connotes physical, temporary, and profane sexual liaisons, undertaken without spiritual purpose, covenant bond, or sacred devotion.58, Leitwrter: remembered and visited. Isaac, Ishmael, Jacob & Esau, Perez, 53. Samuels prophecy reinforces much of what the man of God earlier says to Eli but does not repeat any of his specific words and phrases or hint at Samuels awareness of his existence or message. As a result, identifying the literary conventions of a given text and imagining their interpretive significance enable readers to approximate the intent(s) of its author(s), especially if the conventions can be shown to combine with one another in order to fashion of the text a coherent and meaningful whole.8. Strong, Exhaustive Concordance, 122533. Behold, the days come, that I will cut off thine arm, and the arm of thy fathers house, that there shall not be an old man in thine house. The bows of the mighty men are broken, and they that stumbled are girded with strength. The account of Samuels divine calling concludes using hearing and seeing as metaphors of increased spiritual capacity: And Samuel grew, and the Lord was with him, and did let none of his words fall to the ground. Trust vs. Mistrust: This stage occurs between the ages of birth and 1.5 years and is centered on developing a sense of trust in caregivers and the world. WebSignificance. In fact, it places her within a small but crucial cadre of womenmost notably Rebekah, Tamar, and Ruthwhose own unprecedented spiritual initiatives eventually and distinctively transform biblical Israel.24 Traditional readers of the Samuel story would have recognized the intended craftsmanship of the text for this exceptional interpretive purpose. Yet, the picture is not entirely straightforward, and a close examination of the material, as conducted by a large number of critical historians, reveals inconsistencies that raise questions about both the history of Samuel and the sources in which this history has been preserved. And he said unto them, Why do ye such things? Corrections? 3. The two major divergences in The First Book of Samuel lie in those passages that critics call the pro-monarchic source (1 Samuel 9:110:16) and those passages called the antimonarchic source (1 Samuel 8 and 10:1727). And the word of Samuel came to all Israel. While Elkanah focuses on outward and formal family concerns and is emotionally distant from everyone in the narrative, including his wife and children, Hannah is consistently preoccupied with personal devotions to God and is emotionally connected with everyone around her, regardless of their attitude toward her. We may never know for sure whether a covenant perspective actually motivated those who crafted the inherited text over the centuries of its development. Characterization: Priest and Suppliant. By stark contrast, Hannah has neither formal status nor ritual position in the worship of JHWH. Characterization: Husband and Wife. 6. See Alter, Moses, 77 n.2; 131 nn. 1. The prevailing view of biblical scholars is that the account of Samuels life and ministry took final shape centuries after the events it depicts and was likely the work of more than one author/editor/redactor. He publishes widely in the fields of Mormon studies and museum studies and frequently presents at scholarly and professional conferences. Diction. (2:2736; 3:1118). 16. Information about Samuel is contained in The First Book of Samuel (called in the Roman Catholic canon The First Book of Kings). As a result of the priests blessing, Hannah bears additional childrenthree sons and two daughters., Customary Behavior: Hearing and Seeing. From a structural perspective, the song is not only an appropriate expression of personal gratitude for Hannahs heavenly blessing but also a crucial narrative bridge between the initial fulfillment of her vow and the Lords repeated faithful response. . Our differences are complementary, not contrastive in nature. So the woman abode, and gave her son suck until she weaned him. As crafted, Samuels initial prophecy confirms the scathing condemnation of Eli by the man of God and inaugurates Samuels own prophetic ministry. Inquiring of the oracle would have been a priestly function, and so there is an intimation here of some sort of breakdown in the professional performance of the house of Eli. And the priests custom with the people was, that, when any man offered sacrifice, the priests servant came, while the flesh was in seething, with a flesh-hook of three teeth in his hand; And he struck it into the pan, or kettle, or caldron, or pot; all that the fleshhook brought up the priest took for himself. All authors, even documentary historians, exercise considerable latitude in crafting their literary creations. . As part of her poignant vow, Hannah promises that if the Lord will give her a man child, then she will give him unto the Lord all the days of his life. In both instances, the verb give is translated from the Hebrew nathan. Rather than contrast, the two Hebrew verbs complement each other in meaning. 3) Hophni and Phinehas, Elis sons, refused to listen to the voice & rebuke of their father (1 Samuel 2:25) and it was the LORDs will to put them to death. Steven L. Olsen received a bachelors from BYU and a masters degree and PhD from the University of Chicago. Samuel Langhorne Clemens was welcomed into the world as the sixth child of John Marshall and Jane Lampton Clemens. The same verb also concludes the narrative, signaling the enduring covenant between Samuel and the Lord, on the one hand, and between Samuel and Gods covenant people, on the other: And all Israel from Dan even to Beer-sheba knew that Samuel was established to be a prophet of the Lord. As a child, Samuel, heard from God that he was going to be a prophet and judge in Israel. Shakab implies that Samuel is simply lying prone in bed when the Lord first calls and eventually appears to him. That the narrator of 1Samuel 13 instructively employs this convention is evident from the paired customary behaviors of eating/drinking and fasting, on the one hand, and hearing and seeing, on the other. The text expresses the respective dramatic contributions of these two messengers along four dimensions: message, role, impact, and visibility. 78. Within the context of the Samuel narrative, these verbs repeatedly indict Elis sons. Several difficulties in reconstructing the era of the Judges, including its chronology, during what archaeologists call Iron AgeI, are identified in Jo Ann Hackett, There Was No King in Israel: The Era of the Judges, in The Oxford History of the Biblical World, ed. And he said, It is the Lord: let him do what seemeth him good. Humanistic conventions mandate that characters be developed largely as unique individuals, complete with their own distinctive personalities, backgrounds, interests, appearances, and motivations. Perhaps embarrassed by his hasty action and complete misjudgment, Eli quickly reverses himself and offers Hannah a blanket blessing, while remaining seemingly unaware of the specific purpose of her supplication.26. . Political Accomplishments of Samuel Adams. While unusual, even extraordinary, Hannahs initiative at the temple to plead directly with JHWH for a man child is neither unprecedented nor countercultural. He has been president or board member of a variety of state, regional, and national professional service organizations. The problem may be resolved by identifying a role for Samuel that receives only passing mention because it no longer existed when this material was written. enduring patiently the persistent provocations of her sister wife and the insensitive entreaties of her husband (1:68, 2123); consistently referring to herself in relation to others by the subordinate term, responding directly but respectfully to Elis false accusations and later reminding him of who she is when she comes to make good on her vow (1:1216, 2628); and. By the oracle of Yahweh, Samuel secretly anointed David as king (chapter 16). for I hear of your evil dealings by all this people. See also Allen Verhey, Remember, Remembrance, in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 5:66769; McCarter, ISamuel, 62 n.19; Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996), 526; and Alter, Moses, 385 n.3. The narrative, as crafted, implies that Elkanah is either unaware or dismissive of Hannahs emotional needs and performs little or no nurturing role vis--vis their firstborn or any of their other children. Therefore, it is important to utilize available data to further research and understand the risk factors for preterm death. Divine remembrance of the despondent barren woman by virtue of her prayer and vow is a classic example, not only of the Lords power over nature, society, and history, but also of His justice. Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 33. The Hebrew Bible exemplifies many different types of parallelismtoo numerous and complex to summarize here. 7. He appears at first as being hostile to the monarchy and then as being favourable to it. WebSamuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 April 21, 1910), known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer.He was praised as the "greatest humorist the United States has produced", and William Faulkner called him "the father of American literature". Subsequent events in the narrative bear out this contrast: the sons of Eli abuse the ritual offering and are categorically rejected by the Lord, but the Lord appears to Samuel and gives him his first and subsequent prophecies. By contrast, characters in the Hebrew Bible are crafted primarily to serve the texts central ideological purposes. However, nearly every specific detail of introductio This latitude is manifest in a myriad of editorial choices, such as selecting which contents to include or omit; ordering the contents into an account of some kind; linking details of the story in meaningful ways; coloring the account with particular words, phrases, modifiers, and qualifiers; and shaping its settings, characters, and events. It also serves the broader narrative as the renewal of an ancient and sacred covenant with God, with Samuel serving as its object and agent.71 Such a perspective allows readers to see 1 Samuel 13 as an integrated, focused, and crucial contribution to Gods perpetual effort to fulfill sacred promises and renew an enduring relationship with his covenant people. Eli and sons, Hophni and Phinehas, are mentioned in the initial exposition of the story (1:3), signaling that they will play a key but as yet undefined role in the account of Samuels succession.53 As the drama unfolds, the serious abuses of their priestly positiongluttony of the ritual offering and sexual immoralitybecome the efficient cause of the Lords rejection of Elis house. The rate of decline averaged 4% from 2016 to 2021 and jumped to 8% in 2022. And he went and lay down. WebIn his 40 years as ruler, between approximately 1010 and 970 B.C.E., he united the people of Israel, led them to victory in battle, conquered land and paved the way for his son, Solomon, to build the Holy Temple. We are present only for his encounter with the priest. Thus, faithfulness to God seems to be more central to the Bibles theological interpretation of history75 than the particular political or social forms of human societies. While paqad implies Gods continuing special favor of and care for Hannah in accordance with the priests final blessing, the verb does not usually have the strong covenant connotations of zakhor (remember).59. For the entirety of his childhood, Bundy was unaware that his sister was actually his mother. Hannah gave Samuel to the priest, Eli, so he could be taught to serve the Lord. Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. Reflecting the intimacy of Samuels first encounter with God and its profound effect, this segment of the story is recounted primarily as dialogue. And the child did minister unto the Lord before Eli the priest. Wherefore it came to pass, when the time was come about after Hannah had conceived, that she bare a son, and called his name Samuel, saying, Because I have asked him of the Lord. The biblical preference for direct discourse is so pronounced that thought is almost invariably rendered as actual speech. Alter, Art, 67. In accomplishing this mission, the man of God encounters only Eli, delivers his message faithfully and confidentially, and then disappears immediately, apparently never to be seen or heard fromagain. This tradition has two questionable features: Samuel is the only judge who is a permanent magistrate as well as a military leader, and his conclusive victory over the Philistines in chapter 7 cannot be historical, since it is contradicted by the subsequent military exploits of Saul and David. The story is also at the root of the priestly role imposed on Samuel at a later date in 1 Chronicles 6; but this is an effort to explain in terms of the later priesthood the sacred functions performed by Samuel. Strong, Exhaustive Concordance, 1228. (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 5:52829. Direct speech is made the chief instrument for revealing the varied and at times nuanced relations of the personages to the actions in which they are implicated. Alter, Art, 66. 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