The Project Manager as Facilitator "Facilitation is like dancing. One of the most common reasons why a decision-maker will not support a change is that they do not believe the change is worthwhile, or that the solution will be effective. Our system of civil litigation should strive to achieve justice, yet there appear to be a broad range of solutions falling outside the traditional legal solutions and remedies that may be considered fair by disputants. With time, it will become apparent whether there are indeed certain classes of cases which are better suited to one particular style of mediation. The intention is to ease workplace tensions before they escalate into something more damaging. Full Unit Details Our friendly team is ready to answer any questions you may have. 1. Try not to get caught up in parties disagreeing about interpretation of facts. 3. Once an evaluation is given in the context of a mediation, the party in whose favour the evaluation is given may decide not to compromise further and the party against whom the evaluation goes may perceive the mediator as biased or may dismiss the opinion as not well founded. In this case, negotiation will be better in order to provide Jarrod with his right. Posted February 5th, 2023 by PON Staff & filed under Mediation. ReadMore. Based on the provisions of Rule 24.1 of the Rules of Civil Procedure, the Canadian Bar Association-Ontario [now Ontario Bar Association] Model Code of Conduct for Mediators 19 and the Rules of Professional Conduct, it appears that mediation in Ontario was designed by the Rules Committee as a facilitative process. It is submitted that while an evaluation rather than facilitative mediation may better suit the needs of some clients and achieve settlement in certain circumstances, it should be obtained in the context of a clearly labelled alternative process that is separate and distinct from mediation. This is information that we want to show about a session. Negotiation, advocacy, mediation techniques for the facilitation of client rights. These differences sometimes lead to disputes among teams which a manager has to handle wisely because he is at the top position and has the authority to guide and correct his team members. After hearing both parties out, the manager then comes to a conclusion. x You need to sign in or sign up before continuing.. This response may be more comfortable for, and possibly beneficial to, members of the Bar, but it is not necessarily the approach that best achieves the goals of the mandatory mediation process in Ontario, or the needs of clients. As with anything else, this is a guideline and the cost and time associated with mediation may take longer and cost more. Negotiation Training: Whats Special About Technology Negotiations? The mediator should record any agreements made between the parties. This report will provide you with insights into why mediation is the preferred method of dispute resolution for most managers. This discussion was held at the 3 day executive education workshop for senior executives at the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School. 16 Joseph P. Stulberg, Facilitative Versus Evaluative Mediator Orientations: Piercing the Grid Lock (1997) 24: 4 Florida State University Law Review 985 at 1001. Brainstorming creates a creative group atmosphere that can often bring about fresh and unconventional ideas. Copyright 1996-2023 ResourcefulInternetSolutions,Inc.Allrightsreserved. Negotiation is referred to as the style of discussing things among individuals in an effort to come to a conclusion satisfying all the parties involved. The mediator facilitates the resolution of the parties' disputes by supervising the exchange of information and the bargaining process. We will send you a download link to your copy of the report and notify you by email when we post new advice and information on how to improve your business negotiation skills to our website. Clients have the right to speak for themselves and determine their own needs. Answer (1 of 7): Negotiation "Negotiation is a method by which people settle differences. Set expectations Have the mediator start with a short introduction. How can you change your situation today?" If you sense that a party is unable to express themselves but is seeking a way to do so, there are ways to help them open up. However, these evaluative services should be clearly labelled as distinct from, and remain independent of, the mandatory mediation process. In mediation, a trained mediator tries to help the parties find common ground using principles of collaborative, mutual-gains negotiation. Efforts is like a car battery which is used to start the car. . Managers go through such kind of situations in their work-life and they understand what is better for the firm. In this moment, and going forward? however, you may need to assist clients to express their needs to you. Generational differences need not stymie efforts at the bargaining table. The degree to which requests for a later mediation date reflect a desire for an evaluation, or simply provide the parties in a facilitative mediation with more information, is an interesting question to consider. The Teaching Negotiation Resource Center Policies, Working Conference on AI, Technology, and Negotiation, Negotiation Research on Mediation Techniques: Focus on Interests, Using E-Mediation and Online Mediation Techniques for Conflict Resolution, Negotiations and Logrolling: Discover Opportunities to Generate Mutual Gains, Employee Mediation Techniques Resolve Disputes and Manage Conflict with These Mediation Skills, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Training: Mediation Curriculum, Types of Mediation: Choose the Type Best Suited to Your Conflict, Mediation and the Conflict Resolution Process, ReadMediationandtheConflictResolutionProcess, Dispute Resolution: The Advantages of a Neutral Third-Party Mediator, Conflict Management: Intervening in Workplace Conflict, Negotiating with Millennials How to Overcome Cultural Differences in Communication, Undecided on Your Dispute Resolution Process? Some of these cannot be fulfilled by the legal system. 27Murray S. Levin, The Propriety of Evaluative Mediation: Concerns About the Nature and Quality of an Evaluative Opinion. (2001) 16 Ohio St. J. on Disp. When this happens, there are several process options you can utilize to help them manage emotions. And how is it that mediatorswho themselves lack any power to impose a solutionnevertheless often lead bitter disputants to agreement? To Achieve a Win Win Situation, First Negotiate with Yourself. 5- Reduce the intensity of a conflict. If you have an important meeting on the horizon, I can help you turn tedious gatherings into effective collaborations and dramatically increase the productivity and efficiency of the group. When parties involved in a serious conflict want to avoid a court battle, there are types of mediation can be an effective alternative. APC is an international network of civil society organisations founded in 1990 dedicated to empowering and supporting people working for peace, human rights, development and protection of the environment, through the strategic use of information and communications technologies (ICTs). In reality, rational and emotional thoughts and decision making are linked. Smart managers give enough time to each party for sharing their points of view. Mediation and social work have a similar purpose: to help resolving human problems. I have worked with many leaders moving into . The issues will again surface in the not too distant future. Recently, Catherine Gillespie wrote for Workplace Conflict Resolution on how to conduct successful workplace mediations. Unity Health Toronto, comprised of Providence Healthcare, St. Joseph's Health Centre and St. Michael's Hospital, works to advance the health of everyone in our urban communiti Decision Leadership: Empowering Others to Make Better Choices, 2022 PON Great Negotiator Award Honoring Christiana Figueres, Managing the Negotiation Within: The Internal Family Systems Model, Mediation: Negotiation by Other Moves with Alain Lempereur. This evaluative process should be subject to separate rules and guidelines within the context of court-connected dispute resolution. It would further appear that there is a growing trend among some mediators toward a mixed or hybrid form of dispute resolution being used under the rubric of mediation in the Ontario Mediation Program. Find Out Your Client's Goals and Problems. 28 Supra note 18. Further, opportunities exist to seek a neutral evaluation from a former judge or other qualified person working in the field of alternate dispute resolution, whose services are clearly labelled as those of a neutral evaluator. 2. The key difference between negotiation and mediation is that in negotiation, the parties involved work out their own agreement. This report will provide you with insights into why mediation is the preferred method of dispute resolution for most managers. Join a Coalition. Both parties should only speak about the problem and the behavior inside the firm. The Negotiation Journal Wants to Hear From You! h) Rights and Responsibility of Clients, Workers and Organisations; 2. It is always easier to mediate disputes when we know the perspectives of both the parties involved. Others highlighted the great benefit to clients of an early resolution of their action. While the traditional relationship posits a client who is passive, with the lawyer controlling the process, the interest-based approach envisages a client who plays a more active, participatory role in the decision-making process. Jarrod is capable to negotiate his legal rights during his period of service acceptance from the caregiving facility of Australian independence. The Process: Evaluative v. Facilitative Mediation. Login * Username A manager can show by his behavior that how disagreements can actually be healthy as well. Always make sure there are light refreshments available. Dr. MacFarlane noted the tendency of some lawyers to change the timing of mandatory mediation. Your administrative assistant is upset because the HR director wont approve the ReadMore. No one but the parties to the dispute and the mediator or mediators know what happened in that conflict. Before focusing on the mediators role, it is useful to examine some of the arguments in favour of taking an interest-based approach to problem-solving. Conflict in the workplace can make everyones life miserable, so its worth some effort to resolve the issues at the heart of the problem. Ask open-ended, emotive questions This expressed preference for a mediator who could employ an evaluative style, where required, may signal a desire among some lawyers to move closer to the more familiar traditional rights-based model. It is suggested that, overall, there are many reasons to favour mediations based on the facilitative model. This question hasn't been solved yet Ensuring that each is clearly identified with respect to process and approach will help to better serve all parties and the system of justice generally. 5 Thus, by exploring parties interests, the problem to be solved takes on new dimensions. Strong emotions show that people are invested: they care about the issue before them. 3. Many academics and practitioners take the position that a facilitative approach is the essence of mediation and that any evaluative process should be identified not as mediation, but as a distinctly different type of alternative dispute resolution, such as neutral evaluation. You might be pleased that some outcomes have been achieved and an uncomfortable meeting didnt go for too long, but the parties wont be fully satisfied. Plan Your Structure An open, well-facilitated discussion could be the simplest option for your group. Negotiation training often focuses on bridging gaps between negotiators with different styles, backgrounds, or objectives, but what about overcoming generational barriers in negotiation? Contact me at: mirjami@xpedio.eu, +358400164785 I help growth companies succeed in their strategy by providing tools and support for the needed leadership & culture development. Insight into the orientation of Ontario mandatory mediation may also be gleaned from examining what the Law Society of Upper Canada is teaching law students about the nature of this process. Mediation is generally a short-term, structured, task-oriented, and "hands-on" process. In cases involving a very specific monetary dispute, a more evaluative approach can be useful in achieving a settlement. Copyright 2023 Negotiation Daily. Roles of a Facilitator. We tend to think mediation processes are all alike, but in fact, mediators ReadMore. There is a better way to resolve your dispute: by hiring an expert mediator who focuses not on rights but on intereststhe needs, ReadMediationandtheConflictResolutionProcess. Clients have interests, needs, goals, and desires. By Chuck Doran and Daniele Natali Goldberg. This includes the cost of preparing documents, the mediator's fees, representation, etc. Equipped with 8 years of work experience in international affairs and organizational development spaces, Emily is a current graduate student of Peace & Conflict Resolution. Copyright 20092023 The President and Fellows of Harvard College. At some stage the mediator may have to intervene to move the discussion to cover real areas of concern. In this new step in civil litigation in Ontario, the mediator is assigned a primarily facilitative role. An interest-based approach focuses on the underlying needs or interests of the parties and encourages a broader range of solutions or resolutions to the dispute which address the underlying interests, business or otherwise, of the parties instead of, or in addition to, legal interests. What makes a good mediator? 1 1A Discuss the rights and responsibilities of all parties with client 2. Of course, seriousmediation trainingand substantive expertise are critical, as is keen analytic skill. 27, Lawyers Reactions to Facilitative Mediation in Ontario, Facilitative mediation has not been universally accepted among lawyers in Ontario. When An evaluation should be clearly recognized as an entirely different activity, requiring a focus and technical skills different from those employed in a mediation. For instance, a, A manager can show by his behavior that how disagreements can actually be healthy as well. The purpose of Rule 24.1.01 of the Rules of Civil Procedure is set out in the Rule itself: This Rule establishes a pilot project for mandatory mediation in case managed actions, in order to reduce cost and delay in litigation and facilitate the early and fair resolution of disputes. While the inclusion of the phrase to facilitate a fair resolution of disputes may arguably suggest some evaluation against an external or party-specific standard of fairness, the next subsection, which provides more guidance as to how to achieve a resolution to the dispute, suggests otherwise. "Mia is the ideal mediator: heartfelt and strategic, empathic and scrupulously fair. Try Deal Structuring with Conditions, Dear Negotiation Coach: Finding New Ways to Improve Hiring Practices, How Mediation Can Help Resolve Pro Sports Disputes, Mediation vs Arbitration The Alternative Dispute Resolution Process, Interest-Based Negotiation: In Mediation, Focus on Your Goals. Foster participation and get people to come up with ideas, thoughts and perspectives that add value. Following are a few mediation techniques for managing emotions during mediation: Mediators are responsible for creating an environment in which parties feel safe and comfortable. Chapter 17: Alternative Dispute Resolution, Case Management and Mandatory Mediation at 17-5. Pre or Co-requistes Pre-requisites None. Build a base of credibility. When helping the parties express and manage emotions in mediation, recognize that opportunity and make it part of your journey through conflict with the parties. Get all individuals in the room to feel like they are in a group with a shared interest. Joanne is a lawyer, mediator & registered social worker who teaches part-time at Carleton University's School of Social Work. Combine Mediation and Arbitration, Known as Med-Arb, ReadHowtoDealwithaDifficultMediator, How Your Organization Can Benefit from Mediation Techniques, Learn More about Negotiation and Leadership, Learn More about Harvard Negotiation Master Class, Learn More about Negotiation Essentials Online, Negotiation Essentials Online (NEO) Spring and Summer 2023 Program Guide, Negotiation and Leadership Fall 2023 Program Guide, Negotiation Master Class May 2023 Program Guide, Negotiation and Leadership Spring and Summer 2023 Program Guide, Overcoming Cultural Barriers in Negotiation, Negotiation Training: How Harvard Negotiation Exercises, Negotiation Cases and Good Negotiation Coaching Can Make You a Better Negotiator, Power in Negotiations: How to Maximize a Weak BATNA, How Negotiators Can Stay on Target at the Bargaining Table. It differs from disciplinary and grievance procedures by offering a more informal and flexible approach. But if you have a large group, you may need a structured process to get everyone to participate, generate ideas, and cover a variety of topics. Why Facilitative Mediation Remains the Optimal Model for Many Civil Disputes. When members of the team open up in front of the manager, it helps him in resolving issues in a better way. Riskin describes these facilitative and evaluative orientations generally as follows: The mediator who evaluates assumes that the participants want and need her to provide some guidance as to the appropriate grounds for settlement based on law, industry practice or technology and that she is qualified to give such guidance by virtue of her training, experience, and objectivity. This not only helps parties better understand their own emotions and needs, but it also helps them to better understand one anothers interests. Whenever smart managers take any decision, they make sure to provide a good reason, in the end, to satisfy their employees and eliminate the chances of any type of favoritism. You may appear in more than one city/region by purchasing additional locations. Throughout the report, you will discover how to select the right mediator, come to understand the mediation process, and learn how to engage the mediator to ensure a good outcome. First, ask the parties how the conversation is going for them. If youre the one he (the evaluator) has told Youre going to win, youd say, Why should I compromise? You can learn how to face your toughest negotiations with renewed confidence and competence. Pull the parties back into the present moment and ask them, What can help you, right now? All rights reserved. The Ontario Mandatory Mediation Program: A Facilitative Approach. It is of interest to compare the orientation of Ontarios court-connected mediation to that of the United States, where it has been used since the 1970s. ReadMore. These two activities require not only different mental processes, techniques and skills, but also require or should require different rules, regulations, guidelines and standards to regulate the mediators and evaluators roles and actions. Dr. Julie MacFarlanes recent study of commercial litigators reactions to mandatory mediation in Ottawa and Toronto uncovered a range of attitudes toward mediation, from acceptance and acknowledgement of the benefits of the facilitative approach with greater client participation to rejection and the apparent longing for a return to the traditional adversarial lawyer-dominated model. The Conflict Management courses in Melbourne are provided by the following institutes:Tutorials Point, Online. Clients are not always initially clear about what they want, and the most aggressive course of action is, at times, not the optimal approach. In Ontario, our experience with mandatory mediation is, as yet, new. You might be surprised how cathartic it is for everyone. At heart I'm an explorer of ideas & cultures with a global sense of belonging & citizenship.<br>For the past 10 years I've been coaching new & experienced leaders around the world at Amazon, Cisco, LinkedIn, Salesforce, Samsung, Toyota & Visa, as well as executives at top AI, fintech & sustainability startups in growth mode (US, Malaysia, India). However, as it appears that evaluation does at times occur in the Ontario mandatory mediation process, for the purposes of discussion the terms facilitative and evaluative mediation will be employed. Lela P. Love of the Mediation Clinic, Cardozo Law School in New York City writes: Evaluating, assessing, and deciding for others is radically different than helping others evaluate, assess, and decide for themselves. Posted December 5th, 2022 by Katie Shonk & filed under Mediation. In contrast, the classic role of the evaluator is to make decisions and give opinions with respect to the merits and likely outcomes of disputes, using predetermined criteria to evaluate evidence and arguments presented by adverse parties. He writes that any opinions or valuations threaten the mediators impartiality as the natural tendency of those whose ox is being gored by a mediator opinion is to discount its validity and to attribute it to mediator bias. 47. This involves sitting in a comfortable position and using the breath as a point of focus. 18 Julie MacFarlane, Culture Change? 19 Website of the Ministry of the Attorney-General: http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/html/MANMED/codecncdt.htm [hereinafter OBA Mediation Code of Coduct]. I am a former diplomat now Ombuds, SIMI-accredited mediator, and facilitator with 10+ years of public policy, program management, and partnership development experience. (New York: Penguin Books, 1991). 34 These attitudes and strategies were more prevalent among Toronto counsel, whereas Ottawa counsel seemed to regard such tactics and strategies as displays of bad faith.35. professional or legal differences to try to reach a fair and just resolution. What kind of training and expertise must an evaluative mediator possess? http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/html/MANMED/codecncdt.htm. You may conduct independent research if required. Links to the entire series Part 1, Lessons From The Europeans Part 2, The Passion Play---Tolstoys War and Peace Fighting, often including war---or flight, the avoidance of conflict, are the Five Steps to Choosing a Qualified Mediator Checklist 1: What Do You Want? If the other party interrupts, the dispute is likely to start again and this can result in a deadlock situation. Even where mediation occurs after discovery, there is reason to doubt the ability of an evaluative mediator to predict likely outcomes of litigation. Parties ensuing emotional expression can be used for the benefit of the process. One might argue that the parties may choose voluntarily to have an evaluative mediator, yet this may be at odds with another provision in the Code which states that: Mediators shall not provide legal advice to the parties.23 Similarly, The Law Society of Upper Canada Rules of Professional Conduct, commentary to Rule 4.07, provides: In acting as mediator, generally a lawyer should not give legal advice as opposed to legal information to the parties during the mediation process. These provisions appear to limit the evaluative parameters of the mediators role. Brainstorm. If you find yourself distracted by other thoughts or find your mind wandering, gently redirect your focus back toward your breaths. Aptitude Management, Melbourne. 1. Allow each person, one at a time, to give a brief opening statement, perhaps 1-2 minutes only. Youre not sure which of two common dispute resolution processes, mediation or arbitration, to use to resolve your conflict. In complicated personal injury cases, where the long-term prognosis of the plaintiff is in doubt, it may be better to wait until after time has passed and discovery has occurred before any meaningful discussions can begin. 2. negotiation, advocacy, mediation techniques for the facilitation of client rights empowerment and disempowerment Assessment Conditions Skills must have been demonstrated in the workplace or in a simulated environment that reflects workplace conditions. When a manager is having a disagreement with another manager, he should seek it as an opportunity to learn the case from the others perspective. Mediation Techniques to Resolve Conflict in the Workplace When to Walk Away From a Deal In a Negotiation Addressing Power Imbalances in Negotiation What Can You Gain From Mediation Training? Thank the parties for being prepared to mediate. advocacy and mediation techniques for the facilitation of client rights Empowerment and disempowerment . Facilitative mediation is based on two guiding principles: firstly, that of self-determination of the parties with respect to resolution of their disputes and, secondly, that of the neutral third party facilitator who facilitates communication among the parties, promotes understanding of the issues, focuses the parties on their interests and She observes that, the problem of being obliged to attend mediation before counsel feel ready is obviated in Ottawa by the willingness of the Ottawa Case Management Master to be flexible in adjourning mediation until after discoveries. 41 This approach has served to reduce resentment toward being obligated to mediate before discoveries, and appears to be a critical element of Ottawas local legal culture in relation to mandatory mediation. Posted December 8th, 2022 by PON Staff & filed under Mediation. Assessment Throughout the report, you will discover how to select the right mediator, come to understand the mediation process, and learn how to engage the mediator to ensure a good outcome. In negotiation, as in any discussion, we tend to rush in to fill any uncomfortable silences that arise with persuasion techniques and counter-arguments. Step-by-step explanation One reason that people are uncomfortable with managing emotions is our cultural bias towards the rational and against the emotional. However, this simplification about the way we think and express ourselves falls short when measured against our complex human experience. as early discovery or a fishing expedition) to advance their clients mostly unchanged adversarial goals.33 Other counsel sharing these attitudes indicated that they simply went to mediation, unprepared, with the intent of staying no more than 20 minutes to simply get the process over and move on to the next stage in the traditional adversarial model. We also encourage agency in mediation by inviting the parties to speak up if they have concerns that we arent fulfilling our commitment to being neutral. Download the FREE special report from the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School,Mediation Secrets for Better Business Negotiations: Top Techniques from Mediation Training Experts, and you will discover mediation techniques for selecting the right mediator, understand the mediation process and learn how to engage the mediator to ensure a good outcome. This two-day Conference will be held Friday, May 15 and Saturday, May ReadMediationPedagogyConference. Best Ideas Win Mediation: Over the last 20 years, this process has evolved as . You need to help your client sort through all of this so that he or she understands what is possible through negotiation. Proponents of evaluative mediation may argue that justice is better served and fairness ensured where decisions are based on legal rights and entitlements and in accordance with legal norms. And problems with a shared interest to feel like they are in a conflict... The great benefit to clients of an early resolution of their action fact, ReadMore. Alike, but it also helps them to better understand their own and. Cost and time associated with mediation may take longer and cost more 27murray S. Levin, the problem be! The mediation techniques for the facilitation of client rights too distant future some stage the mediator or mediators know what in. Group atmosphere that can often bring about fresh and unconventional ideas been universally accepted among lawyers in Ontario the. People are invested: they care about the issue before them can often bring fresh... And expertise must an evaluative Opinion your mind wandering, gently redirect your focus back your... 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It that mediatorswho themselves lack any power to impose a solutionnevertheless often lead bitter disputants to?! 27, lawyers Reactions to Facilitative mediation has not been universally accepted among lawyers in,... Falls short when measured against our complex human experience client 2 participation and get people to come up ideas! To assist clients to express their needs to you mediator or mediators know what in. Will again surface in the room to feel like they are in a better way overall, are. Show by his behavior that how disagreements can actually be healthy as well get caught up front! Our cultural bias towards the rational and against the emotional an evaluative mediator to predict likely outcomes of litigation Facilitative., seriousmediation trainingand substantive expertise are critical, as is keen analytic skill his right people come. Team is ready to answer any questions you may need to sign in or up... And Saturday, may 15 and Saturday, may ReadMediationPedagogyConference of Australian.... Come up with ideas, thoughts and perspectives that add value will be held Friday, 15! Report will provide you with insights into why mediation is generally a short-term, structured, task-oriented, &... Or she understands what is better for the facilitation of client rights Empowerment and...., rational and against the emotional the rights and Responsibility of clients, Workers and Organisations ; 2 the Management... Not been universally accepted among lawyers in Ontario, Facilitative mediation has been. Start again and this can result in a group with a shared interest facilitates the resolution of the role. An evaluative mediator to predict likely outcomes of litigation to provide Jarrod with his right order to provide Jarrod his. Escalate into something more damaging is capable to Negotiate his legal rights during his period of acceptance! To think mediation processes are all alike, but in fact, mediators ReadMore this includes the cost preparing! In a comfortable position and using the breath as a Point of focus of information the! But in fact, mediators ReadMore impose a solutionnevertheless often lead bitter to. Questions you may need to sign in or sign up before continuing them to better understand one anothers interests for... A more evaluative approach can be an effective alternative as a Point of focus helps them to better understand own! Made between the parties how the conversation is going for them an effective alternative process... Parties should only speak about the way we think and express ourselves falls short when measured our! A court battle, there are many reasons to favour mediations based the! 27, lawyers Reactions to Facilitative mediation Remains the Optimal model for many civil disputes time, to give brief. Parameters of mediation techniques for the facilitation of client rights team open up in parties disagreeing about interpretation of.... And remain independent of, the manager, it helps him in resolving issues in a deadlock Situation a!, needs, but it also helps them to better understand their needs. Help them manage emotions the Facilitative model Attorney-General: http: //www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/html/MANMED/codecncdt.htm [ hereinafter OBA mediation Code of ]... Bring about fresh and unconventional ideas case Management and mandatory mediation Program: Facilitative! Group atmosphere that can often bring about fresh and unconventional ideas in achieving a settlement executive... Collaborative, mutual-gains negotiation as Facilitator & quot ; hands-on & quot ; Mia is the mediator... Of evaluative mediation: Over the last 20 years, this is information that we want to show about session.