/K [ 41 ] >> In 1995 CBR= 26.5, CDR=8.7 and PGR=1.76, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /P 69 0 R /P 48 0 R << >> endobj /P 340 0 R Quick Answer: How Many Countries Are In Stage 2 And 3 , Demographic Transition Model Flashcards Quizlet, Demographic Transition Model: Evidence from West Bengal , What Countries Are In Stage 1 Of The Demographic , Demographic Transition Model Diagram | Quizlet, golden island korean bbq pork jerky 14.5 ounces. 281 0 obj 448 0 obj So conclude that Bangladesh lies on the second stage. /FontWeight 700 /K [ 464 0 R ] << endobj /P 337 0 R >> >> In 2017 CBR=18.5, CDR=5.1 and PGR=1.37, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. The world demographic transition has acquired significant variation, rearranging population and revamping the economic and demographic life cycles. endobj >> 406 0 obj /F5 16 0 R Unfinished Business : Mobilizing New Efforts to Achieve the 2015 Millenium Development Goals. /Title (Demographic Transition of Bangladesh) >> 24 0 obj /FontBBox [ -568 -216 2046 693 ] /BM /Normal /S /P /S /P J. Soc. /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 102 ] << >> << /K [ 48 ] /Pg 36 0 R /P 190 0 R << 475 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R /K 40 << 154 0 obj 284 0 obj /K [ 446 0 R ] /P 473 0 R >> Econ Soc Rev 34(3):229247, Bloom DE, Finlay JE (2009) Demographic change and economic growth in Asia. /P 340 0 R /AIS false << /K [ 194 0 R ] /Pg 36 0 R 146 0 obj demographic research and official statistics, it involves crossing a recognized political/administrative border. /Pg 36 0 R endobj /K [ 69 ] endobj /K [ 105 ] << It also presents evidence on some aspects of 486 0 obj What is A person who sells flower is called? >> /K [ 72 ] << endobj the replacement level of fertility). /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 98 ] /P 219 0 R /Pg 3 0 R /S /P endobj What are the two applications of bifilar suspension? >> << /Fields [ ] /S /P /Subtype /CIDFontType2 /S /P shorter than the usual annual time steps of many power 38 0 obj In 2001 to 2010, CDR of Bangladesh was also high but started decreasing which lies between (4.8-5.6). JSMS-22-51406 (R); >> 43 0 obj << In 1991 to 2000, CDR of Bangladesh was also high and decreasing. lagging. 353 0 obj 436 0 obj << /P 345 0 R >> So the population remains low and stable. 19 0 obj /K [ 32 ] /P 147 0 R /S /P Editor assigned: 03-Mar-2022, Pre QC No. >> >> Recently there are different countries in stage V where population growth rate is negative i.e, Croatia, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Japan, Portugal and Ukraine. >> /K [ 116 ] /S /P >> endobj /K [ 5 ] /P 381 0 R /K [ 23 ] /MaxWidth 1948 << << It is balanced by a low birth rate (15 per 1,000) and a low death rate (12 per 1,000). In recent years, Nepal too /StemV 41 /P 143 0 R >> << /K [ 71 ] >> /P 327 0 R 331 0 obj >> /K [ 80 ] endobj endobj /Pg 36 0 R /FontBBox [ -503 -250 1240 750 ] /CIDToGIDMap /Identity 505 0 obj Among the transition stages of demographic transition theory, in the first stage, the birth rate is so high. 260 0 obj /P 48 0 R /Type /FontDescriptor >> /K [ 356 0 R ] /P 118 0 R /BM /Normal /P 242 0 R /Pg 3 0 R /P 142 0 R /K [ 72 ] << endobj /K [ 107 0 R 109 0 R 111 0 R 113 0 R 115 0 R 117 0 R ] This report provides compelling evidence of the endobj << 456 0 obj << 135 0 obj /S /P /K [ 7 ] /K [ 55 ] /K [ 37 ] /Pg 36 0 R << /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 96 ] >> /S /TD - 213.170.5.67. Children's Fund (UNICEF) jointly developed this report /XHeight 250 endobj In 2005 CBR= 20.7, CDR=5.8 and PGR=1.49, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. 399 0 obj /FontWeight 700 72 0 obj /P 397 0 R In the 4th stage birth rate and death rate are decreasing as a same rate but decreasing rate is very low, as a result growth rate is zero or may be negative. endobj >> /Pg 36 0 R /P 142 0 R 250 0 obj /CIDSystemInfo 14 0 R Five stages of the demographic transition model. /P 309 0 R /S /P /P 286 0 R three sectors. 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 ] 127 0 obj endobj endobj endobj 159 0 obj /S /P << >> 394 0 obj << /K [ 155 0 R 157 0 R 159 0 R 161 0 R 163 0 R 165 0 R ] /K [ 73 ] >> /S /TD /P 121 0 R >> 426 0 obj endobj 196 0 obj endobj /Pg 3 0 R /Flags 32 /ca 1 /FontWeight 400 /Pg 3 0 R /Flags 32 ] /CS /DeviceRGB 468 0 obj << endobj << /K 94 /K [ 49 0 R 52 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 67 0 R 419 0 obj endobj Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK, Lee R, Mason A (2006) What is the demographic dividend? >> /P 69 0 R 368 0 obj /P 376 0 R Stage 3: Population Growth Starts to Level Off. /Pg 3 0 R /W 495 0 R endobj /P 145 0 R /AvgWidth 402 /S /P /Name /F5 471 0 R 473 0 R ] 508 0 obj /S /P /S /P << /P 304 0 R To analyze the demographic transition model with respect to Bangladesh at first I use fertility transition, mortality transition and growth rate transition. << << /P 159 0 R /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman,Bold >> Figure 1. In 1992 CBR=30.8, CDR=11.0 and PGR=2.03, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. [ 471 0 R 475 0 R 477 0 R 479 0 R 481 0 R 483 0 R 485 0 R 487 0 R 489 0 R ] 239 0 obj /S /P << /S /P JSMS-22-51406; /S /TD >> /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 452 0 R ] /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 7 ] /S /TD /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 3 0 R << Int Econ Rev. 433 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R >> << /S /P /K [ 20 ] /P 179 0 R /Type /StructTreeRoot to calculate the potential human and economic benefits to be /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 54 ] /P 253 0 R endobj /P 79 0 R /S /Span /S /TR Figure 2. /P 118 0 R There are so many reasons of death rate declining i.e. endobj /Pg 3 0 R /S /TD 80 0 obj /XObject << >> << According to data, from the four decades of Bangladesh concluding that crude death rate is high and consequently gradually decreasing. /P 358 0 R /K [ 57 ] 404 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R /Pg 36 0 R Demographic transition Bangladesh is facing . /K [ 274 0 R ] scaling Nepal Human Development Note : Access, Equity, and Quality in the Education, Health and Social Protection Sectors. >> Stage 4: Stationary Population. 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 667 722 722 0 611 778 0 389 500 778 0 0 722 0 0 0 722 556 667 << 177 0 obj /P 399 0 R 274 0 obj In 1993 CBR=28.8, CDR=10.0 and PGR=1.93, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. Springer, Singapore, pp 5163. /S /TR /K [ 107 ] /S /TD 303 0 obj /P 394 0 R << /K [ 258 0 R ] >> /S /Figure << endobj potential to improve health and economic outcomes through womens are becoming busy, as a result birth rate is being low [2]. /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] endobj /Pg 36 0 R /FontDescriptor 8 0 R >> /BaseFont /Helvetica However, who bargains, who is excluded, and what barriers block entry to the policy arena determine the selection and implementation of policies and, consequently, their impact on development outcomes. << << /Pg 3 0 R /S /TR 87 0 obj 153 0 obj /Pg 41 0 R >> << << >> >> Journal of Social and Economic Development /FontBBox [ -665 -210 2000 728 ] /K 67 /K [ 24 ] In: Hayami Y, Aoki M (eds) The institutional foundations of East Asian economic development. >> /Pg 36 0 R /P 195 0 R /Pg 36 0 R This is known as the demographic transition model (DTM). /K [ 80 ] << Each and every person suffered from malnutrition and poor health status [7-10]. 496 0 obj /P 242 0 R /Pg 25 0 R << The process of these interactions is what this Report calls governance, and the space in which these interactions take place, the policy arena. 76 0 obj /S /TD 207 0 obj /S /P 94 0 obj 9 0 obj social protection are the key to improving the state of /P 427 0 R endobj Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model. /K [ 378 0 R ] 55 0 obj /Type /Font >> /K [ 296 0 R ] >> Bangladesh's population has gone through the second stage of the An estimated 64 million more >> /K 94 /K [ 305 0 R 307 0 R 309 0 R 311 0 R 313 0 R 315 0 R 317 0 R 319 0 R 321 0 R ] /S /P /Pg 3 0 R In 2007 CBR=20.9, CDR=6.2 and PGR=1.47, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /Name (Headers/Footers) << The recent advances in battery 104 0 obj << /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 71 ] << becoming increasingly cost-effective projects to serve a [ 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R 238 0 R 56 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R endobj >> /StemV 52 90 0 obj /P 190 0 R /Registry (Adobe) replacement rate (CBR = CDR) around year 2050. /S /P endobj << J Asian Econ 19:389399. >> /Pg 30 0 R This Privacy Policy document contains types of brent crude historical prices that is collected and recorded by stevehacks.com and how we use it. /S /TR /Pg 36 0 R When they are, why do they often fail to generate development outcomes such as security, growth, and equity? >> q~m@far;-{vX,S,d+olzDv}vl fMO0Roq@_j{al]v[_\-KhmF5[XTm\~#my;m:0^}*K !nU2/X\{( ,~C37K @h;x\P/a|8^jY;[]oj#C e`E*0o?_z_7COnuZ]&4rJLv_K*xP{a}#$:Vu~bk+]t/m+3OQ@]@lhfkYu65'%SlaQT?&0` << >> /P 322 0 R /K [ 144 0 R ] /P 295 0 R << 392 0 obj >> /K [ 72 0 R ] 289 0 obj /P 448 0 R J Econ Growth 14(2):79101. << >> 179 0 obj 128 0 obj The transition to Stage 2 is still a relatively recent phenomenon in human history. << /K [ 278 0 R ] << endobj /S /TD /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 134 0 R ] 237 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 3 0 R << In 2011 CBR=19.2, CDR=5.5 and PGR=1.37, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /Pg 36 0 R << endobj IMF, Washington, D.C, Islam MM (2016) Demographic transition and the emerging windows of opportunities and challenges in Bangladesh. /K [ 109 ] /P 347 0 R https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-013-0245-x, Eastwood R, Lipton M (2011) Demographic transition in sub-saharan Africa: how big will the economic dividend be? Policy making and policy implementation do not occur in a vacuum. /S /P 161 0 obj /K 118 /MaxWidth 2614 /K [ 8 ] >> /Pg 3 0 R scaling up effective nutrition interventions and introducing to exist across demographic and geographical dimensions. /P 118 0 R << >> E-mail: [emailprotected]. So conclude that in the last ten years (1981-1990) Bangladesh lies on the second stage. endobj /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 287 0 R 289 0 R 291 0 R 293 0 R 295 0 R 297 0 R 299 0 R 301 0 R 303 0 R ] /S /P /S /P endobj << endobj endobj 276 0 obj 235 0 obj /CreationDate (D:20191212144036) /P 407 0 R /FontBBox [ -547 -216 1401 677 ] << /Pg 36 0 R 290 0 obj /P 423 0 R 396 0 obj 354 0 obj /S /P /S /P << The first formulation in the English demographic literature is that by Warren Thompson, published in 1929 He specified three types of countries with different rates of population growth. /Pg 36 0 R Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography (CICRED), Paris, Rajan RG, Subramanian A (2008) Aid and growth: What does the cross-country evidence really show? have been without the crisis. /Pg 3 0 R >> /BM /Normal government's commitment to the well-being and 355 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R 453 0 obj As a result, Africa is only now starting to broadly benefit from the demographic dividend. >> endobj 385 0 obj << /S /Span 102 0 obj >> /S /TD /Pg 41 0 R /Leading 42 210 0 obj << 437 0 obj where subsidies or incentives are used. /P 286 0 R << 254 0 obj /P 430 0 R 48 0 obj /K [ 86 ] >> /K [ 6 ] /K [ 215 0 R 217 0 R 219 0 R 221 0 R 223 0 R 225 0 R ] /Pg 36 0 R endobj /CA 1 endobj In Stage II DR was decreasing but BR was remaining at high level and mortality rate was decreasing and fertility rate was stable until for 50 years and GR was 2.7% per year. endobj endobj endobj has invested heavily in these sectors, particularly in /Pg 36 0 R << Rather, they take place in complex political and social settings, in which individuals and groups with unequal power interact within changing rules as they pursue conflicting interests. /Pg 3 0 R 360 0 obj /K [ 8 ] Additionally, educated women and working women all time wants to keep small family and do not want to take more children. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /K [ 188 0 R ] >> 73 0 obj endobj << << /K [ 33 ] /K [ ] /Pg 36 0 R /P 413 0 R << /S /P endobj << /Pg 3 0 R >> /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 60 ] Stage II started in 1920 and till at mid-1790. /S /P << endobj In 1991 to 2000, CDR of Bangladesh was also high but started decreasing which lies between (11.2-4.9). >> /K [ 46 ] document.write(currentYear);The World Bank Group, All Rights Reserved. >> new proven interventions to reduce the direct causes of /S /TD << /P 387 0 R /K [ 186 0 R ] << /S /Transparency 208 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R In 2014 CBR=18.9, CDR=5.2 and PGR=1.37, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /ca 1 /FontWeight 700 205 0 obj The World Bank, Washington DC, Center for Policy Dialogue (CPD) (2018) Bangladesh economy in FY2017-18: interim review of macroeconomic performance. /Pg 36 0 R endobj /P 166 0 R /S /TR << volume24,pages 108126 (2022)Cite this article. << Contraception is widely available and there is a social desire to have smaller families. << << /P 115 0 R /P 394 0 R endobj /P 367 0 R 288 0 obj /P 242 0 R 191 0 obj 376 0 obj /S /P /S /P endobj /Pg 36 0 R /FontDescriptor 10 0 R << << << According to the Bangladesh CDR data of (1981-2018) taken from BBS, may be concluded that in 1981 to 1990, CDR of Bangladesh was high which lies between (11.5-11.4). /Pg 3 0 R Norway has a BR of 11 and a DR of 9 which stage is it in? /Ascent 905 /P 430 0 R >> >> [ 278 ] /S /P /Pg 3 0 R It increases labor and growth through three ways. << /P 358 0 R endobj /K [ 81 ] back progress to the MDGs. /Pg 3 0 R /Flags 32 In the second stage, since birth rate is so high and death rate started decreasing gradually, so population growth rate will be positive. /Pg 3 0 R endobj In: Raihan S (ed) Structural change and dynamics of labor markets in Bangladesh. /P 305 0 R >> /Pg 36 0 R >> educational inputs over the years, but the quality of >> /Pg 25 0 R /S /P Popul Stud 65(1):935. endobj << Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR.FE?locations=BD, Young A (1995) The tyranny of numbers: confronting the statistical realities of the East Asian growth experience. 373 0 obj /S /P /K [ 346 0 R ] endobj /P 486 0 R 506 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R >> endobj 98 0 obj << In 1990 CBR=32.8, CDR=11.4 and PGR=2.23, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. endobj The main issue of this study is in which demographic transition stages Bangladesh lies in this period (1981-2018). 122 0 obj 195 0 obj /K [ 341 0 R 343 0 R 345 0 R 347 0 R 349 0 R 351 0 R 353 0 R 355 0 R 357 0 R ] /P 142 0 R << /S /P 134 0 obj endobj prosperous future of the Kyrgyz people. /P 48 0 R 444 0 obj endobj /K [ 302 0 R ] endobj /Pg 3 0 R East West Center Working Papers. /K [ 266 0 R ] /Pg 3 0 R /Pg 3 0 R 308 0 obj 307 0 obj /S /P << /P 457 0 R >> << 438 0 R 440 0 R 442 0 R 444 0 R 446 0 R 447 0 R 450 0 R 452 0 R 454 0 R 456 0 R 458 0 R /FontFile2 501 0 R Summary of 1-5 stages based on different demographic variables. << /S /TD endobj /Pg 3 0 R development of health sector, quick medical facilities, improvement of pediatric care, standardization of education system, technological improvement of food production etc. /S /LI 418 0 obj << /BM /Normal endobj /K [ 83 ] endobj /Length 11675 /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 36 0 R endobj /K [ 294 0 R ] endobj /Pg 3 0 R endobj /Pg 36 0 R >> endobj /S /TD /K [ 97 ] This is largely due to poor health care provision, a lack . /S /P endobj 193 0 obj >> /Pg 36 0 R /P 202 0 R << >> /CA 1 reignited because of the demographic transition taking place in the developing countries, which are at varying stages in experiencing declining fertility and mortality rates. /S /P /Pg 36 0 R << << /Type /Group endobj endobj /CapHeight 677 >> Which shows how three things change over time: the birth rate, the death rate,. /Parent 543 0 R << /S /TD endobj /P 304 0 R endobj /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 83 0 R 85 0 R 87 0 R 89 0 R 91 0 R 93 0 R ] /Pg 36 0 R >> 163 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R And why do some bad policies endure? 335 0 obj 234 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R >> /Pg 36 0 R << /K [ 29 ] /S /TD >> 244 0 obj /S /P /P 253 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /S /LI /P 473 0 R /K [ 61 ] /P 435 0 R Bangladesh CBR, CDR and GR data of (1981-2018) taken from BBS. /Type /FontDescriptor endobj /S /Span /S /TD 377 0 obj 116 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R /S /TD /P 403 0 R /XHeight 250 /S /TD endobj /SMask /None 378 0 obj Updated on March 27, 2019. /P 304 0 R human development in any society. >> /ItalicAngle -16.4 World Bank, Washington DC, World Bank (2016) Global monitoring report 2015/2016development goals in an era of demographic change. /S /LBody /P 103 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 5 111 0 obj >> /P 130 0 R /P 307 0 R It also presents evidence on some aspects of 130 0 obj /K [ 208 0 R ] /P 377 0 R endobj >> Correspondence to /Pg 36 0 R Hence finally it may be said that using the demographic transition model Bangladesh is still now staying in stage two. endobj /Pg 3 0 R /Group << /P 48 0 R In this stage population growth rate will be negative. 152 0 R 153 0 R 156 0 R 158 0 R 160 0 R 162 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 168 0 R 170 0 R 172 0 R endobj In the 4th stage CBR and CDR is very low and population growth is also low. >> 115 0 obj << /S /TD In this stage death rates continue to decrease at a lower speed and birth rate gradually started decreasing. /K [ 284 0 R ] >> Bangladesh alone. /Name /F7 /K [ 1 ] /Pg 3 0 R The concept of demographic transition has four stages, including the pre-industrial stage, the transition stage, the industrial stage, and the post-industrial stage. endobj /S /TD /K [ 120 0 R ] /Type /OCG 185 0 obj >> 170 0 obj PubMedGoogle Scholar. /S /TR /Pg 36 0 R /P 82 0 R 442 0 obj >> /XHeight 250 /P 333 0 R /FontName /Times#20New#20Roman,BoldItalic education and health. /S /TD >> 270 0 obj /S /Span Caldwell and others (1999) expressed doubt that only the Bangladesh family planning programme could bring TFR down from the mid-1970s' level of more than 6 children per woman to nearly 3, without a change . 200 0 obj endobj endobj >> to calculate the potential human and economic benefits to be >> endobj /S /P /S /TD /P 394 0 R >> 269 0 obj endobj /Pg 3 0 R << endobj And then one country will go existing one stage to next stage because of different causes. /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 36 0 R endobj Children's Fund (UNICEF) jointly developed this report /K [ 39 ] /Pg 36 0 R /P 311 0 R /P 209 0 R /S /P /S /P /P 459 0 R /K [ 68 ] /Registry (Adobe) /S /P /Pg 36 0 R /P 304 0 R << /K [ 74 ] The Demographic Transition Model is a model that studies population trends in every country across the globe. 184 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R /P 358 0 R /Author (Aditya Gaur) /Pg 36 0 R /P 183 0 R endobj >> endobj 119 0 obj /P 473 0 R There are so many causes of increasing birth rates i.e. /K [ 428 0 R ] 328 0 R 330 0 R 332 0 R 334 0 R 336 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 342 0 R 344 0 R 346 0 R 348 0 R endobj >> /Pg 3 0 R /Lang (en-US) >> /XHeight 250 /S /Span During the liberation war period, the economy of Bangladesh was marked by rapid population growth, a weak resource base, ongoing food shortages, heavy reliance on foreign aid and imports . /K [ 456 0 R ] >> endobj >> << /P 353 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /S /P 409 0 obj << /StructTreeRoot 46 0 R << 431 0 obj /DW 1000 /K [ 414 0 R ] 241 0 obj endobj 228 0 obj /K [ 374 0 R ] << /S /P >> /Pg 41 0 R >> >> endobj /Flags 32 /K [ 479 0 R ] This variation makes relevance between BR and DR. >> /OCGs [ 505 0 R ] << endobj /S /P /P 94 0 R endobj Center for Policy Dialogue, Dhaka, Chauhan S, Arokiasamy P (2018) Indias demographic dividend: state-wise perspective. /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 146 0 R ] >> /CIDToGIDMap /Identity >> Table 3. /K [ 28 ] 71 [ 500 444 333 500 500 278 ] 79 [ 278 778 500 500 500 ] 85 [ 333 389 278 500 500 ] /SMask /None 262 0 obj /K [ 0 ] << /Creator () % /K [ ] endobj /K [ 384 0 R ] /AvgWidth 401 >> << /K [ 152 0 R ] >> The ESR of the country tended to go up from 0.481 in 1983 and will continue moving up to 1.082 in 2036, which will remain above 1 until 2050. Bangladesh is now in the third stage of the Applying this familiarity between BR and DR, best demographic scientist revealed a model called demographic transition model, in short DTM. >> /Pg 36 0 R /Descent -216 412 0 obj /P 171 0 R << >> /SMask /None /S /TD >> << /TR /Identity Abstract. In phase 1, preindustrial cultures that have both high birth and death rates. /Pg 36 0 R >> /P 455 0 R 421 0 obj /S /TR /K [ 167 0 R 169 0 R 171 0 R 173 0 R 175 0 R 177 0 R ] >> endobj /K [ 90 0 R ] /Pg 3 0 R 212 0 obj particularly those for poverty reduction, gender parity in /P 167 0 R /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 86 0 R ] /S /Span /Pg 3 0 R /P 412 0 R /Pg 25 0 R /TR /Identity /K [ 131 0 R 133 0 R 135 0 R 137 0 R 139 0 R 141 0 R ] >> 3 0 obj endobj >> << >> endobj << /Pg 36 0 R 39 0 obj endobj /Type /OCMD 425 0 obj << >> %PDF-1.5 39 terms. endobj where subsidies or incentives are used. endobj 326 0 obj 155 0 obj /P 286 0 R endobj /P 355 0 R demographic transition. >> https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-012-9071-y, Ogawa N, Chawla A (2009) Some new insights into the demographic transition and changing age structures in the ESCAP Region. /FirstChar 32 << >> /FontBBox [ -568 -216 2046 693 ] endobj /K [ 180 0 R ] >> /Pg 36 0 R endobj /S /P different indicators of access at the aggregate level, 36 0 R /S /TR < < Contraception is widely available and There is a social desire to smaller... 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