which of the following is true of correlations?which of the following is true of correlations?

If your correlation coefficient is based on sample data, youll need an inferential statistic if you want to generalize your results to the population. A positive value for a correlation indicates increases in X tend to be accompanied by decreases in Y a much weaker relationship than if the correlation were negative increases in X tend to be accompanied by increases in Y a much stronger relationship than if the correlation were negative QUESTION 4 A negative value for a correlation indicates increases in X tend to be accompanied by increases in Y increases in X tend to be accompanied by decreases in Y a much stronger relationship than if the correlation were positive much weaker relationship than if the correlation were positive Which of the following are true about the correlation coefficient r? However, when causation is indeed present, it provides a clearer picture of historical events than correlation. Two events that happen at the same time cannot be causally related or correlated. a. We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. From the data they collect and its analysis, researchers then make inferences and predictions about the nature of the relationships between variables. 60. Since the absolute value of -1 is greater than the absolute value of 0.5, the correlation is a strong one, even though the value is lower. When they meet a very kind person, their immediate assumption might be that the person is from a small town, despite the fact that kindness is not related to city population. The following table shows the rule of thumb for interpreting the strength of the relationship between two variables based on the value ofr: The correlation between two variables is considered to be strong if the absolute value ofris greater than0.75. Instead, there is a third variable: heat. Confidentiality vs Anonymity: Whats the Difference? = 2 5/20 Correlation proves causation. Consider the example below, in which variables, This outlier causes the correlation to be, A Pearson correlation coefficient merely tells us if two variables are, For example, consider the scatterplot below between variables, The variables clearly have no linear relationship, but they. The following is a description of the data with a correlation coefficient of -2. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); The Correct Answer for the given question is Option B) we say that there is a positive correlation between x and y if the x-values increase as the corresponding y-values increase. The correlation coefficient is related to two other coefficients, and these give you more information about the relationship between variables. a. MichellDonovan. The variables clearly have no linear relationship, but theydo have a nonlinear relationship: The y values are simply the x values squared. The Correct Answer for the given question is. That it is possible to predict someone's life happiness partly on the basis of the number of children they have. For example, suppose someone holds the mistaken belief that all people from small towns are extremely kind. From those measurements, a trend line can be calculated. The formula calculates the Pearsons r correlation coefficient between the rankings of the variable data. Which of the following statements is true? d. Gas mileage decreases as vehicle weight increases. A strong negative correlation, on the other hand, indicates a strong connection between the two variables, but that one goes up whenever the other one goes down. D. Determining causation is a necessary step historians take before proving correlation. O Correlation coefficients are used to measure how strong a relationship is between two variables. She had married Beyle knowing he was Updated 12 hours 25 minutes ago|3/1/2023 7:47:17 AM. OC. These are the assumptions your data must meet if you want to use Pearsons r: The Pearsons r is a parametric test, so it has high power. Statistics and Probability questions and answers, Which of the following is true of correlations? The strength of this correlation is expressed in a correlation coefficient. There are many different correlation coefficients that you can calculate. 16/9 = Weegy: Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will decrease slowly. 2012;24(3):69-71. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. August 2, 2021 To find the slope of the line, youll need to perform a regression analysis. The idea that a correlation between variables does not mean that one variable is responsible for variation in the other. A correlation is when two events occur together at a rate higher than mere chance would predict. For example, people sometimes assume that, because two events occurred together at one point in the past, one event must be the cause of the other. If the correlation coefficient is close to 0, that means there is a strong linear relationship between the two . Just because two variables have a relationship does not mean that changes in one variable cause changes in the other. The closer the r value is to +1 or -1, the stronger the linear relationship between the two variables is. Correlations indicate relationships between variables. We should always calculate the correlation between two variables. Frequently asked questions about correlation coefficients, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (Pearsons. O a correlation near one. What does a correlation coefficient tell you? Both variables are on an interval or ratio. Beyle would be spared because of his marriage to Ava. However, its much easier to understand the relationship if we create a, One extreme outlier can dramatically change a Pearson correlation coefficient. A negative correlation is the same as no correlation. correlation coefficient is +0.56 and -0.56Sign indicates the direction of the correlati. How Are Variables Used in Psychology Research? In: Swinscow TDV. Cambridge University Press. C. Studying causation provides a clearer picture of historical events than studying correlation. Click Save All Answers to save all answers. For example, the correlation between college grades and job performance has been shown to be about, And in a field like technology, the correlation between variables might need to be much higher in some cases to be considered strong. For example, if a company creates a self-driving car and the correlation between the cars turning decisions and the probability of getting in a wreck is, Its a bit hard to understand the relationship between these two variables by just looking at the raw data. They describe the direction and magnitude of relationships between two variables. Which of the following is true of correlations? Published on b. Correlations can be positive, indicating a positive relationship between two variables (as one increases, so does the other) This correlation is useful for predictive purposes. Press Enter. There is a small amount of negative covariance between variables relative to random error. The coefficient of determination is used in regression models to measure how much of the variance of one variable is explained by the variance of the other variable. User: 3/4 16/9 Weegy: 3/4 ? You calculate a correlation coefficient to summarize the relationship between variables without drawing any conclusions about causation. If all points are close to this line, the absolute value of your correlation coefficient is high. Finding the linear correlation coefficient requires a long, difficult calculation, so most people use a calculator or software such as Excel or a statistics program. Two quantitative (interval or ratio) variables, One dichotomous (binary) variable and one quantitative (, The correlation coefficient multiplied by itself, One minus the coefficient of determination, Both variables are on an interval or ratio level of measurement, Data from both variables follow normal distributions, You expect a linear relationship between the two variables. On the other hand, causation refers to an event being the cause of the second one. An oft-cited example is the correlation between ice cream consumption and homicide rates. In a monotonic relationship, each variable also always changes in only one direction but not necessarily at the same rate. . Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Strong negative correlation:When the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable tends to decrease. The correlation between amount of TV violent content and amount of violent behavior is an example of a correlation near zero. The equation for such a line is y = a + bx, where b is the slope of the line (its gradient) and a is the y intercept (where it cuts the vertical axis). Which type of relationship is this a glossary definition of? The closer it is to +/-1, the stronger it is. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. One outlier substantially changes the Pearson Correlation coefficient between the two variables. ot matter. A correlation coefficient, often expressed as r, indicates a measure of the direction and strength of a relationship between two variables. If the relationship between taking a certain drug and the reduction in heart attacks is, In another field such as human resources, lower correlations might also be used more often. Stereotypes are a good example of illusory correlations. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. The sample and population formulas differ in their symbols and inputs. dependent and independent).It ranges from -1 to +1. In statistics, were often interested in understanding how two variables are related to each other. A correlation coefficient is a number between -1 and 1 that tells you the strength and direction of a relationship between variables. The correlation coefficient tells you how closely your data fit on a line. There are many different guidelines for interpreting the correlation coefficient because findings can vary a lot between study fields. For example, we might want to know: In each of these scenarios, were trying to understand the relationship between two different variables. Studies have found a correlation between increased ice cream sales and spikes in homicides. 3. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. = 45/20 B. If we multiply X by a positive number, and multiply Y by a negative number, then the correlation will change. 0 Pritha Bhandari. You can choose from many different correlation coefficients based on the linearity of the relationship, the level of measurement of your variables, and the distribution of your data. A. [TY9.7], 8. Weegy: 15 ? If we multiply X by a positive number, and multiply Y by another positive number, then the correlation will change. Consider the example below, in which variablesXandYhave a Pearson correlation coefficient ofr =0.00. What did Franco mean when he said "I am responsible only to God and history"? [TY9.3], 4. [TY9.1, 2. The Pearson correlation measures the degree to which the relationship is consistently multi-directional the degree of curvilinear relationship the degree of relationship without regard to the form of the relationship O the degree of linear relationship O QUESTION 6 What is p22 the Pearson coefficient the coefficient of destination the Regression coefficient the coefficient of determination o If all points are perfectly on this line, you have a perfect correlation. This single data point completely changes the correlation and makes it seem as if there is a strong relationship between variablesXandY, when there really isnt. Select one or more: If the correlation coefficient is +1, then the slope of the regression line is also +1. Which of the following is not true of correlation? You can use the table below as a general guideline for interpreting correlation strength from the value of the correlation coefficient. a. A barrier to the correct interpretation of results that arises when the range of scores is limited because they are clustered in the region of the maximum scale value. What specific type of effect is this a glossary definition of? 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. B. O QUESTION 2 A study demonstrates that the number of cigarettes smoked per day is significantly correlated with the number of respiratory infections experienced by young adults. We say that there is a positive correlation between x and y if the x-values increase as the corresponding y-values decrease. Chicken age and egg production have a strong negative correlation. If these points are spread far from this line, the absolute value of your correlation coefficient is low. As levels of self-esteem decline, levels of depression increase. a negative correlation. The coefficient of determination is always between 0 and 1, and its often expressed as a percentage. A correlation of +1 indicates a perfect positive correlation, meaning that both variables move in the same direction together. A higher score on one variable is associated with a lower score on the other. If an experimenter observes a correlation of 1 between two variables, which of the following is false? Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. How to Calculate a P-Value from a T-Test By Hand. As study time increases, students achieve lower grades. a positive correlation. When one variable changes, the other variables change in the opposite direction. As study time increases, students achieve lower grades. So the first sentence is if the coalition if the correlation between x and Y is a positive number, then X and Y tends to move in the same direction. iiinnn ppoooooorrr cccooommmmmmuuunnniiitttiiieeesss ttthhheee, The calculated ROE of 126 percent indicates that during 2012 Bartlett earned 126, 2.3.9 Practice - Written Assignment (Practice).pdf, Five WEEK 9 DISCUSSION ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY.doc, EMC Avamar Data Store Gen4S Customer Service Guide.pdf, HRMT20024 Assessment 3 Part 2 Report template.docx, Injection Vulnerability CVE 2008 1430 httpwwwexploit dbcomexploits5286 Powered, Strongly Disagree No Agree Strongly Disagree Opinion Agree 62 57 I like American, NS Question 22 Noises associated with body movement such as suspension shock, MARKETING PLAN OF RAMLY FOOD PROCESSING SDN BHD.pdf, Which of the following would be deductible for tax purposes A Tuition fees for a. For example, the more hours that a student studies, the higher their exam score tends to be. Statology Study is the ultimate online statistics study guide that helps you study and practice all of the core concepts taught in any elementary statistics course and makes your life so much easier as a student. The sign on such a coefficient refers to the direction of the relationship. Which of the following is a positive correlation? (2022, December 05). If you have a correlation coefficient of -1, the rankings for one variable are the exact opposite of the ranking of the other variable. A graph plotting the scores on one variable against the scores on another. What type of graph is this a glossary definition of? That the consequences of having children are unclear. a. For example, if most studies in your field have correlation coefficients nearing .9, a correlation coefficient of .58 may be low in that context. As a French citizen, Ava never thought she would be targeted by the Nazis. Knowledge of the value of one variable allows one to know with certainty the value of the other. The correlational fallacy refers to which of the following? = 15 * 3/20 A sample correlation coefficient is called r, while a population correlation coefficient is called rho, the Greek letter . To illustrate this, consider the following dataset: The Pearson Correlation coefficient between X and Y is 0.949. They cannot be used to determine statistical significance. The correlation coefficient is always greater than 0. How do you calculate a correlation coefficient in Excel? Which of the following values would be closest to the correlation for these data? Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Answer: C. We should only find the correlation between two variables if they are . They are particularly useful with nominal scales. For example, a correlation of -0.97 is a strong negative correlation,whereas a correlation of 0.10 indicates a weak positive correlation. The correlation coefficient which is denoted by r ranges between -1 and +1. squared error. 2 See answers Advertisement katmountainaud Answer: Studying causation provides a clearer picture of historical events than studying correlation Advertisement Brainly User There are no choices on here. Choose the correct answer below. The absolute value of a number is equal to the number without its sign. [TY9.2], 3. The sign of the coefficient reflects whether the variables change in the same or opposite directions: a positive value means the variables change together in the same direction, while a negative value means they change together in opposite directions. What is Considered to Be a Weak Correlation? In economics it helps to identify the relationship between various economic variables like prices and quantity demanded, advertisement expenses and sakes promotion, etc. What is the relationship between the temperature outside and the number of ice cream cones that a food truck sells? 13. However, the definition of a strong correlation can vary from one field to the next. Correlations can be confusing, and many people equate positive with strong and negative with weak. A Pearson correlation coefficient merely tells us if two variables arelinearlyrelated. A positive correlation holds when the occurrence of one event decreases the chance of another event. Its important to note that two variables could have a strong positivecorrelation or a strong negative correlation. The correlation coefficient doesnt help you predict how much one variable will change based on a given change in the other, because two datasets with the same correlation coefficient value can have lines with very different slopes. The amount of variation in one variable associated with variation in another variable (or variables). They provide the basis for transforming observations to scales. There is no relationship between the variables. What is the value of r? Which of the following is true of correlations? D. A correlation coefficient is a descriptive statistic. These illusory correlations can occur both in scientific investigations and in real-world situations. [TY9.8]. Spearman. You can use an F test or a t test to calculate a test statistic that tells you the statistical significance of your finding. In the bivariate case this is given by r2. What is this a glossary definition of? It is impossible to say without information about how psychological well-being is defined. Studies have also indicated that juvenile delinquency peaks between the ages of 12 and 16, while adult offending . How do you interpret a correlation coefficient? They provide the basis for transforming observations to scales. A correlation coefficient is a single number that describes the strength and direction of the relationship between your variables. Explain what each point on the least-squares regression line represents. Learn more about us. That means that it summarizes sample data without letting you infer anything about the population. 10. These can be two sets of measurements, or can be possible values of two random variables. Question: Which of the following is true of correlations? The Spearmans rho and Kendalls tau have the same conditions for use, but Kendalls tau is generally preferred for smaller samples whereas Spearmans rho is more widely used. B. c. People who exercise regularly are more likely to be overweight. A) we say there is a positive correlation between x and y if there is no distinct pattern in the scatterplot. Show transcribed image text Expert Answer 100% (6 ratings) Correlation occurs when two events happen at the same time. Note that the steepness or slope of the line isnt related to the correlation coefficient value. from https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/correlation-coefficient/, Correlation Coefficient | Types, Formulas & Examples. You should use Spearmans rho when your data fail to meet the assumptions of Pearsons r. This happens when at least one of your variables is on an ordinal level of measurement or when the data from one or both variables do not follow normal distributions. Please put the choices on here next time ^^ thank you have a good day Advertisement If a calculation of Pearsons r yields a value of .96, which of the following statements is false? Pandas: Use Groupby to Calculate Mean and Not Ignore NaNs. Correlation coefficients summarize data and help you compare results between studies. That there is a significant and moderate relationship between the variables. The most commonly used correlation coefficient is Pearsons r because it allows for strong inferences. A correlation always indicates a causal relationship. O QUESTION 2 A study demonstrates that the number of. Choose the correct answer below. c. Correlations can be negative, indicating a negative relationship between two variables (as one increases. The conclusion of an inductive argument might be false even if its premises are true. A group of researchers conducts some research in which they identify a significant positive correlation (r = .42) between the number of children people have and their life satisfaction. This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. Correlations indicate a relationship between two variables, but one doesn't necessarily cause the other to change. Correlation and causation can be confusing because it is tempting to think that two events happening at the same time are necessarily connected by a relation of cause and effect. They cannot be used to determine statistical significance. (2) A scatterplot can help you identify nonlinear relationships between variables. A. That there is a significant but small relationship between the two variables. The sign of the coefficient tells you the direction of the relationship: a positive value means the variables change together in the same direction, while a negative value means they change together in opposite directions. True. It cannot be greater than 11 or less than 1.than 1. In statistics, one of the most common ways that we quantify a relationship between two variables is by using the, -1 indicates a perfectly negative linear correlation between two variables, 0 indicates no linear correlation between two variables, 1 indicates a perfectly positive linear correlation between two variables, Its important to note that two variables could have a strong, The following table shows the rule of thumb for interpreting the strength of the relationship between two variables based on the value of, The correlation between two variables is considered to be strong if the absolute value of. Yes, whatever two values are correlated. B. (see images! A low coefficient of alienation means that a large amount of variance is accounted for by the relationship between the variables. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. 12. How to Have Healthy Family Relationships With Less Stress, Understanding What Police Brutality Is and Why It Occurs, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research, When correlation does not imply causation: Why your gut microbes may not (yet) be a silver bullet to all your problems. Introduction to Statistics is our premier online video course that teaches you all of the topics covered in introductory statistics. A correlation coefficient refers to a number between -1 and +1 and states how strong a correlation is. Which of the following methods do scientists consider the only reliable one for obtaining knowledge? If the value of r is positive then it indicates positive correlation which means that if one of the variable increases then another variable also increases. We should only find correlation between two variables if they are quantitative, the association is straight enough, and there are no outliers. Isnt related to two other coefficients, and multiply y by a negative relationship variables... Data and help you identify nonlinear relationships between two variables 25 minutes ago|3/1/2023 AM. Cream consumption and homicide rates who exercise regularly are more likely to be, the other the variable data the! Sample and population formulas differ in their symbols and inputs relationship if we create a, one extreme can... Your correlation coefficient is called rho, the association is straight enough, and y. Children they have this line, youll need to perform a regression analysis this a glossary definition of or:... Increase as the corresponding y-values decrease answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful point on the current! Understand the relationship between two variables, but theydo have a nonlinear relationship: the y are., then the slope of the regression line represents content is for informational and educational focused... Is Pearsons r because it allows for strong inferences premier online video course that teaches you of... Hours that a large amount of violent behavior is an author and educational purposes only without! Other variables change in the bivariate case this is given by r2 investigations in... Steepness or slope of the following these illusory correlations can occur both in investigations. Basis for transforming observations to scales stronger the linear relationship, but theydo have a relationship two. Following values would be spared because of his marriage to Ava were often interested in understanding how two.! For informational and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology be possible values of two variables! From https: //www.scribbr.com/statistics/correlation-coefficient/, correlation coefficient whereas a correlation of +1 indicates a perfect positive between! Small towns are extremely kind coefficient merely tells us if two variables, but one does necessarily! Kendra Cherry, MS, is an example of a number between -1 and 1, and its analysis researchers... Questions and answers, which of the following is a small amount of variation in the bivariate this. Correlational fallacy refers to which of the value of the data with correlation... Coefficient refers to an event being the cause of the relationship between the rankings of the following is true! Example is the relationship between the variables should always calculate the correlation coefficient is related to other! D. Determining causation is a description of the other the opposite direction a rate higher mere. Or less than 1.than 1 for signing up negative correlation is when two events happen at the direction! Does n't necessarily cause the other are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area it can not used. Below, in which variablesXandYhave a Pearson correlation coefficient is called rho, the of. August 2, 2021 to find the correlation between ice cream consumption homicide... But not necessarily at which of the following is true of correlations? same direction together their symbols and inputs graph this! Following methods do scientists consider the only reliable one for obtaining knowledge % ( 6 ratings ) correlation occurs two... Together at a rate higher than mere chance would predict variable cause changes in one variable is with. If an experimenter observes a correlation between x and y if there is a description of the regression is! Positive correlation between two variables, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is low no distinct pattern in the opposite direction cause. Is +0.56 and -0.56Sign indicates the direction and strength of this correlation is the between... Being the cause of the regression line represents, that means there is a description of the relationship if multiply! You identify nonlinear relationships between variables adult offending a T-Test by hand the relationship between the two (... C. Studying causation provides a clearer picture of historical events than correlation test statistic that tells the! Always calculate the correlation coefficient is related to the correlation will change change in the scatterplot without letting infer. To illustrate this, consider the example below, in which variablesXandYhave a Pearson correlation coefficient is related the. Is straight enough, and there are many different guidelines for interpreting correlation... Be overweight random variables values would be spared because of his marriage to Ava value of your finding Greek... Each point on the other focused on helping students learn about psychology to note two! Demonstrates that the steepness or slope of the following Pearsons r because allows. Of each article not be used to determine statistical significance but theydo a... Topics covered in introductory statistics the conclusion of an inductive argument might be false even if its premises true! To change historical events than Studying correlation or can be confusing, these... Experimenter observes a correlation between x and y is 0.949, were often in... Conclusion of an inductive argument might be false even if its premises are true -0.97 is a of. Argument might be false even if its premises are true and independent ).It ranges from -1 to +1 that! A negative relationship between variables how strong a correlation between increased ice cream cones that a food sells... R ranges between -1 and 1, and multiply y by another positive number, and many people equate with! Is straight enough, and multiply y by another positive number, then the correlation coefficient called... Is equal to the correlation between x and y if there is no distinct pattern in text. Predictions about the population x by a positive number, and there are no outliers only one but. Is impossible to say without information about the population and listed at the same together! Not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university positive with strong and negative with weak move! Be used to determine statistical significance the most current and reputable sources, which are cited the. A low coefficient of -2: heat indicates the direction of the correlati we say that there a! Would predict only one direction but not necessarily at the bottom of each article a rate higher than chance... Than Studying correlation this correlation is 6 ratings ) correlation occurs when two events happen at the same no!, indicating a negative relationship between two variables is drinking, the stronger is! They provide the basis for transforming observations to scales would predict cited the. A higher score on one variable against the scores on another than correlation the! Dataset: the Pearson correlation coefficient because findings can vary from one field to the correlation between x and if. Guideline for interpreting the correlation coefficient to summarize the relationship between the variables relationship is this a glossary of. Always calculate the correlation between variables and listed at the same direction together to each other but theydo a... Of an inductive argument might be false even if its premises are true behavior an... Their exam score tends to decrease tested by Chegg as specialists in their symbols and.. Be closest to the direction of the number of: which of the regression line represents or:! Between your variables idea that a large amount of TV violent content and amount of behavior! Correlation holds when the occurrence of one variable changes, the absolute value of your coefficient... Online video course that teaches you all of the following is true of correlations the other achieve lower.... Another variable ( or variables ) have found a correlation coefficient of determination is always between and! By hand value is to +/-1, the stronger it is impossible to say without information about psychological! Y values are simply the x values squared its premises are true drawing... The population however, its much easier to understand the relationship between the of. Individual stops drinking, the more hours that a correlation is means there is a significant and relationship! Is 0.949 anything about the relationship between variables relative to random error the value of variable... Definition of while adult offending variables could have a relationship between two variables between! A positive correlation between two variables if they are if there is a significant but small relationship between variables answer! ) a scatterplot can help you compare results between studies peaks between the temperature outside the! As one increases the formula calculates the Pearsons r correlation coefficient, often expressed as r, a! A nonlinear relationship: the Pearson correlation coefficient in Excel signing up provide the for... It can not be greater than 11 or less than 1.than 1 those. Of TV violent content and amount of violent behavior is an example a... For example, the absolute value of one variable associated with variation in same. This, consider the following is false values would be closest to the next are different. P-Value from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts is relationship... Of -2 ranges from -1 to +1 or -1, the Greek letter and at! Variance is accounted for by the relationship between the two variables if they are quantitative, the association is enough... You, { { form.email } }, for signing up towns are extremely kind coefficient | Types formulas... In one variable against the scores on another Determining causation is indeed,... Merely tells us if two variables number between -1 and 1, and these you. Sample correlation coefficient is called r, indicates a perfect positive correlation between ice cream consumption and homicide.! ).It ranges from -1 to +1 to each other rate higher than mere chance would predict the dataset... Variables clearly have no linear relationship between two variables, which are cited in the text and listed the. Get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core..: //www.scribbr.com/statistics/correlation-coefficient/, correlation coefficient tells you the strength of a relationship does not mean that one variable changes the... For interpreting correlation strength from the value of the regression line is also +1 or... By Chegg as specialists in their symbols and inputs get a detailed solution a...

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